FIGLEAF OF BETA SERIES
Wilhelm Stahl, Helmut Sies, in Comprehensive Series in Photosciences, 2001 29.3.2 Protective effects of carotenoids In fact BC-SLNs enhanced β-carotene bioavailability in the body ( Jain et al., 2019). An improved antitumor activity was observed with this formulation with respect to the administration of the carotenoid alone. Successively, the same research group developed β-carotene-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (BC-SLNs) using different combinations of gelucire and glyceryl monostearate. This combination regimen could also be promising platform to facilitate the therapeutic benefits of anticancer agents. Briefly, zein nanoparticles improved the cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and exhibited enhanced oral biopharmaceutical performance of β-carotene. The protective role of β-carotene on MTX-associated hepatic toxicity in Wistar rats was also determined using hematological and histopathological approaches.
FIGLEAF OF BETA FREE
The antitumor potential of prepared β-carotene nanoparticulates and effects of free β-carotene and β-carotene nanoparticulates were investigated upon anticancer efficacy of MTX in experimentally induced breast cancer rat model. In comparison to free β-carotene, β-carotene nanoparticulates demonstrated noteworthy improvement in various biopharmaceutical attributes, further indicating the remarkable increment in oral bioavailability of β-carotene after incorporation in zein nanoparticles. The combined effect of β-carotene and its nanoparticulate counterpart with MTX was evaluated thereafter for cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity in MCF-7 cells. Successively, β-carotene-loaded nanoparticles of zein were developed and investigated for in vitro release, cell-survival, cellular localization, and apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cell line ( Jain et al., 2018). Interestingly, β-carotene ameliorated MTX-induced renal and hepatic toxicity. F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs are competent to selectively convey the chemotherapeutic agent to the breast cancers. Following a 30 days of treatment, the residual tumor progression was assessed to be approximately 32%, in animals treated with F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs. The experimental outcomes suggested that F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs induce the highest apoptosis index (0.89) against MCF-7 cells. (2017) investigated targeting potential of fructose-tethered lipid-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles (F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs) coloaded with β-carotene and methotrexate (MTX) in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and found out the possible protective role of β-carotene on MTX-induced toxicity. Moreover, β-carotene was able to downregulate the expression of NF-κB, which is aberrantly activated in several cancers ( DiDonato et al., 2012). (2014) that showed how this carotenoid at a concentration of 1 μM was able to reduce the viability of these cells and to induce the blockage of cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathway. The antitumor activity of the molecule on MCF-7 cell line was also demonstrated by Gloria et al. Considering that the dysregulated cell cycle and resistance to apoptosis are the two major hallmarks of cancer cells, several studies investigated the effect of β-carotene on these aspects. This action is associated to a regulation of redox adaptive markers such as SOD-2, XBP-1, and Nrf-2. Β-Carotene decreased phosphorylation of Bad protein and, consequently, also the activation of Akt.
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